2018 Registration document and annual fi nancial report - BNP PARIBAS 209

4CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2018

4

Notes to the fi nancial statements

Debts issued designated as at fair value through profi t and loss, are classifi ed in the same level as the one that would apply to the embedded derivative taken individually. The issuance spread is considered observable.

Derivatives classified in Level 2 comprise mainly the following instruments:

■ vanilla instruments such as interest rate swaps, caps, fl oors and swaptions, credit default swaps, equity/foreign exchange (FX)/ commodities forwards and options;

■ structured derivatives such as exotic FX options, mono- and multi- underlying equity/funds derivatives, single curve exotic interest rate derivatives and derivatives based on structured rates.

The above derivatives are classifi ed in Level 2 when there is a documented stream of evidence supporting one of the following:

■ fair value is predominantly derived from prices or quotations of other Level 1 and Level 2 instruments, through standard market interpolation or stripping techniques whose results are regularly corroborated by real transactions;

■ fair value is derived from other standard techniques such as replication or discounted cash fl ows that are calibrated to observable prices, that bear limited model risk and enable an effective offset of the risks of the instrument through trading Level 1 or Level 2 instruments;

■ fair value is derived from more sophisticated or proprietary valuation techniques but is directly evidenced through regular back-testing using external market-based data.

Determining of whether an over-the-counter (OTC) derivative is eligible for Level 2 classifi cation involves judgement. Consideration is given to the origin, transparency and reliability of external data used, and the amount of uncertainty associated with the use of models. It follows that the Level 2 classifi cation criteria involve multiple analysis axis within an observability zone whose limits are determined by i) a predetermined list of product categories and ii) the underlying and maturity bands. These criteria are regularly reviewed and updated, together with the applicable valuation adjustments, so that the classifi cation by level remains consistent with the valuation adjustment policy.

Level 3 Level 3 securities of the trading book mainly comprise units of funds and unlisted equity shares measured at fair value through profi t or loss or through equity.

Unlisted private equities are systematically classifi ed as Level 3, with the exception of UCITS with a daily net asset value which are classifi ed in the Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Shares and other unlisted variable income securities in level 3 are valued using one of the following methods: a share of revalued net book value, multiples of comparable companies, future cash fl ows method, multi- criteria approach.

Repurchase agreements: mainly long-term or structured repurchase agreements on corporate bonds and ABSs: The valuation of these transactions requires proprietary methodologies given the bespoke nature of the transactions and the lack of activity and price discovery in the long-term repo market. The curves used in the valuation are corroborated using available data such as the implied basis of the relevant benchmark bond pool, recent long-term repo trade data and price enquiry data. Valuation adjustments applicable to these exposures are commensurate with the degree of uncertainty inherent in the modelling choices and amount of data available.

Debts issued designated as at fair value through profit or loss, are classifi ed in the same level as the one that would apply to the embedded derivative taken individually. The issuance spread is considered observable.

Derivatives

Vanilla derivatives are classifi ed in Level 3 when the exposure is beyond the observation zone for rate curves or volatility surfaces, or relates to less liquid markets such as tranches on old credit index series or emerging markets interest rates markets. The main instruments are:

■ Interest rate derivatives: exposures mainly comprise swap products in less liquid currencies. Classifi cation is driven by the lower liquidity of some maturities, while observation capabilities through consensus may be available. The valuation technique is standard, and uses external market information and extrapolation techniques.

■ Credit derivatives (CDS): exposures mainly comprise CDSs beyond the maximum observable maturity and, to a much lesser extent, CDSs on illiquid or distressed names and CDSs on loan indices. Classifi cation is driven by the lack of liquidity while observation capabilities may be available notably through consensus. Level 3 exposures also comprise CDS and Total Return Swaps (TRS) positions on securitised assets. These are priced along the same modelling techniques as the underlying bonds, taking into consideration the funding basis and specifi c risk premium.

■ Equity derivatives: exposures essentially comprise long dated forward or volatility products or exposures where there is a limited market for optional products. The marking of the forward curves and volatility surfaces beyond the maximum observable maturity relies on extrapolation techniques. However, when there is no market for model input, volatility or forward is generally determined on the basis of proxy or historical analysis.

Similarly, long-term transactions on equity baskets are also classifi ed in Level 3, based on the absence of equity correlation observability on long maturities.

These vanilla derivatives are subject to valuation adjustments linked to uncertainty on liquidity, specialised by nature of underlying and liquidity bands.