2018 Registration document and annual fi nancial report - BNP PARIBAS 165

4CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2018

4

Notes to the fi nancial statements

On initial recognition, fi nancial assets are recognised at their fair value, including transaction costs directly attributable to the transaction. They are subsequently measured at fair value and changes in fair value are recognised under a specifi c line of shareholders equity entitled Changes in assets and liabilities recognised directly in equity that may be reclassifi ed to profi t or loss . These fi nancial assets are also subject to the measurement of a loss allowance for expected credit losses on the same approach as for debt instruments at amortised cost. The counterparty of the related impact in cost of risk is recognised in the same specifi c line of shareholders equity. On disposal, changes in fair value previously recognised in shareholders equity are reclassifi ed to profi t or loss.

In addition, interest is recognised in the income statement using the effective interest method determined at the inception of the contract.

Equity instruments Investments in equity instruments such as shares are classifi ed on option, and on a case by case basis, at fair value through shareholders equity (under a specifi c line). On disposal of the shares, changes in fair value previously recognised in equity are not recognised in profi t or loss. Only dividends, if they represent remuneration for the investment and not repayment of capital, are recognised in profi t or loss. These instruments are not subject to impairment.

Investments in mutual funds puttable to the issuer do not meet the defi nition of equity instruments. They do not meet the cash fl ow criterion either, and thus are recognis ed at fair value through profi t or loss.

1.e.3 Financing and guarantee commitments

Financing and fi nancial guarantee commitments that are not recognised as derivative instruments at fair value through profi t or loss are presented in the note relating to fi nancing and guarantee commitments. They are subject to the measurement of a loss allowance for expected credit losses. These loss allowances are presented under provisions for contingencies and charges .

1.e.4 Regulated savings and loan contracts

Home savings accounts (Comptes Épargne-Logement CEL) and home savings plans (Plans d Épargne Logement PEL) are government- regulated retail products sold in France. They combine a savings phase and a loan phase which are inseparable, with the loan phase contingent upon the savings phase.

These products contain two types of obligations for BNP Paribas: an obligation to pay interest on the savings for an indefi nite period, at a rate set by the government at the inception of the contract (in the case of PEL products) or at a rate reset every six months using an indexation formula set by law (in the case of CEL products); and an obligation to lend to the customer (at the customer s option) an amount contingent upon the rights acquired during the savings phase, at a rate set at the inception of the contract (in the case of PEL products) or at a rate contingent upon the savings phase (in the case of CEL products).

The Group s future obligations with respect to each generation (in the case of PEL products, a generation comprises all products with the same interest rate at inception; in the case of CEL products, all such products constitute a single generation) are measured by discounting potential future earnings from at-risk outstandings for that generation.

At-risk outstandings are estimated on the basis of a historical analysis of customer behaviour, and are equivalent to:

■ for the loan phase: statistically probable loans outstanding and actual loans outstanding;

■ for the savings phase: the difference between statistically probable outstandings and minimum expected outstandings, with minimum expected outstandings being deemed equivalent to unconditional term deposits.

Earnings for future periods from the savings phase are estimated as the difference between the reinvestment rate and the fi xed savings interest rate on at-risk savings outstanding for the period in question. Earnings for future periods from the loan phase are estimated as the difference between the refi nancing rate and the fi xed loan interest rate on at-risk loans outstanding for the period in question.

The reinvestment rate for savings and the refi nancing rate for loans are derived from the swap yield curve and from the spreads expected on financial instruments of similar type and maturity. Spreads are determined on the basis of actual spreads on fi xed rate home loans in the case of the loan phase and products offered to individual clients in the case of the savings phase. In order to refl ect the uncertainty of future interest rate trends, and the impact of such trends on customer behaviour models and on at-risk outstandings, the obligations are estimated using the Monte-Carlo method.

Where the sum of the Group s estimated future obligations with respect to the savings and loan phases of any generation of contracts indicates a potentially unfavourable situation for the Group, a provision is recognised (with no offset between generations) in the balance sheet in Provisions for contingencies and charges . Movements in this provision are recognised as interest income in the profi t and loss account.

1.e.5 Impairment of financial assets measured at amortised cost and debt instruments measured at fair value through shareholders equity

The impairment model for credit risk is based on expected losses.

This model applies to loans and debt instruments measured at amortised cost or fair value through equity, to loan commitments and fi nancial guarantee contracts that are not recognised at fair value, as well as to lease receivables, trade receivables and contract assets.