Your browser is not up to date and is not able to run this publication.
Learn more

472019 Universal registration document and annual financial report - BNP PARIBAS

2CorPorate GovernanCe and internal Control

2

Corporate governance report

1.b Membership of the Board Independence of Directors

Membership of the Board of directors: a collegial body with collective competence On the proposal of the Board of directors, the Shareholders Annual General Meeting of 23 May 2019 reappointed Marion Guillou, Jean-Laurent Bonnafé, Wouter De Ploey and Michel Tilmant for a three-year term.

Following Laurence Parisot s resignation of her directorship on 25 September 2018, the Annual General Meeting of 23 May 2019 ratified the co-option of Rajna Gibson-Brandon.

At the end of the Annual General Meeting of 23 May 2019 and as of 31 December 2019:

Number of Board members

O/w elected Board members

Nationalities Percentage of women

Independence

14 2 5 41.7% > 50%

Independence of Directors (as of 31 December 2019) The following table shows the position of each director with regard to the independence criteria contained in the Afep-Medef Code to define an independent director:

Criteria

Je an

LE M

IE RR

E

Je an

-L au

re nt

BO

NN AF

É

Ja cq

ue s

AS CH

EN BR

OI CH

Pi er

re A

nd ré

de

C HA

LE ND

AR

M on

iq ue

C OH

EN

Hu gu

es EP

AI LL

AR D

Ra jn

a GI

BS ON

-B RA

ND ON

M ar

io n

GU IL

LO U

De ni

s K ES

SL ER

Da ni

el a

SC HW

AR ZE

R

M ic

he l T

IL M

AN T

W ou

te r D

E P LO

EY

Sa nd

rin e

VE RR

IE R

Fi el

ds W

IC KE

R- M

IU RI

N

1 Not be, or have been, in the last five years (i) an employee or executive corporate officer of the Company or of a consolidated subsidiary of the Company; (ii) a director of a consolidated subsidiary o o o o

2 Whether or not corporate offices are held in another company

3 Whether or not significant business relationships exist

4 Whether or not there are close family ties to a corporate officer

5 Not an auditor of the Company within the previous five years

6 Not a director of the Company for more than 12 years o(*)

7 Major shareholder status

represents compliance with an independence criterion defined in the Afep-Medef Code. o represents non-compliance with an independence criterion defined in the Afep-Medef Code. (*) See below.

Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019Universal registration document and annual financial report 2019
Powered by Fluidbook